Delmore
Schwartz was an American writer. His Jewish Romanian family made a
life in Brooklyn in the early 20th century, where his father's
entrepreneurial skills enabled the immigrant family to enjoy a high
standard of living and quite rightly to consider that they had
achieved “the American Dream.” However, the economic crash of the
1920s resulted in the collapse of Harry Schwartz's speculative
property empire, and with it the family's fortunes. This
rags-to-riches-to rags cycle was a sore picked-over by Delmore in his
journals and later writings.
He
set out to establish himself as an important writer in his own right,
publishing stories and poems in many of the principal literary
journals. In the late 1930s, under James Laughlin's New Directions
imprint, he published a collection of poems and stories, In Dreams
Begin Responsibilities, and as a result of its critical success
was touted as the most important writer of his generation, a burden
of gold in some respects, but otherwise an impossible weight to bear
at the age of twenty-five. In perspective, this was a time when his
contemporaries, Robert Lowell, John Berryman, and Saul Bellow, had
published nothing.
Although
critically acclaimed, the book's sales were poor, and for several
years he made an indifferent and meagre living teaching. In the late
1940s, he published a book of short stories, The World is a
Wedding, again critically well received, but with the proviso
that the initial great promise of his early writing was not to be
fulfilled.
His
personal life was unhappy, and, a chronic insomniac, he became
pharmaceutically dependent on barbiturates, an addiction compounded
later by alcohol abuse. His second wife, the writer Elizabeth
Pollett, said, "He had about five jobs, was working his head
off, and was increasingly out of touch with reality.” "Being
with him,” she wrote, was "like living on the side of a
volcano."
Separated
from Pollett, and at one time sectioned, his later years found him
renting West Village cold-water flats. He still functioned well
enough to review for The New Republic, though, and in 1960 he became
the youngest poet to receive the Bollingen Prize for poetry.
In
1966, he was found lying in the hallway outside his room, dead. His
body lay in the morgue two days before it was claimed by friends.
F.
Scott Fizgerald's observation that “there are no second acts in
American lives,” was probably as true of Schwartz as of any
self-promoting personality in American Life. Schwartz, however, seems
to have found a way around the doom-laden epithet, albeit
posthumously. His poems were regularly anthologised in American
publications, and in the early years of this century a compendium of
his best poems and stories was published. Robert Lowell's “For
Delmore Schwartz”, from Life Studies, gave credence to a
literary life and its times, while his former student at Syracuse,
Lou Reed, dedicated "European Son" from the Velvet
Underground's first album, to Delmore, and Saul Bellow's novel,
Humboldt's Gift, offered a fictional portrait of Delmore that
still resonates today.
At
the beginning of his biography of Schwartz, Delmore Schwartz: the
Life of an American Poet, published in the mid 70s, James Atlas
lamented that there was no substantial body of letters from which to
glean important and interesting biographical material, comparative
that is, to the correspondence of Virginia Woolf or Henry James.
Today,
the comment seems quaint. The biography in fact includes dozens, if
not hundreds, of extracts from Schwartz's manuscripts and letters.
The comment in retrospect places it within a cultural milieu
attendant to Edwardian and early Modernist literary tradition, before
computer technology, e.g. Internet, social media, Skype, email. One
can imagine the difficulties of a contemporary biographer dependent
solely on electronic mail to validate a Life.
Delmore's
abiding passion, which shone through personal and professional
enmity, was James Joyce, and in particular Finnegans Wake, a
well-used, well-annotated copy of which remained in Delmore's
possession to the end of his life.
In
Joyce's first publication, Dubliners, a character muses on a
“life of commonplace sacrifices closing in final craziness.”
Perhaps, after all the self-regarding, impetuous, inventive,
ill-considered, and outright genius of our creative choices, we are
all only standing in each other's shadows.